tutorial 9ku

tutorial - Create Linux Filesystem From An Ordinary File

Under Linux, you can create a regular file, format it as an ext2, ext3, or reiser file system, and then mount it just like a physical drive. It's then possible to read and write files to this newly-mounted device. You can also copy the complete file system, since it is just a file, to another computer.

First, you want to create a 20MB file or any size you want by executing the following command:

     $ dd if=/dev/zero of=disk-image count=40960
     40960+0 records in
     40960+0 records out

Next, to format this as an ext3 filesystem, you just execute the following command:

     $ /sbin/mkfs -t ext3 -q disk-image
     mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)
     disk-image is not a block special device.
     Proceed anyway? (y,n) y

You are asked whether to proceed because this is a file, and not a block device. That is OK.

Next, you need to create a directory that will serve as a mount point for the loopback device.

      $ mkdir fs

You must do the next command as root, or with an account that has superuser privileges.

      # mount -o loop=/dev/loop0 disk-image fs

You can now create new files, write to them, read them, and do everything you normally would do on a disk drive. To make normal user to use this filesystem you need to give valid permission to the directory holding this filesystem.

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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/10/13578175802184.html

tutorial - Allow normal user to mount cdrom

By default, this device is not accessible by all of your users. To allow users to mount the CDROM drive, login as root and execute the following command

# chmod a+r /dev/cdrom

This will allow any user on your Linux system to mount the CDROM drive from their console or desktop.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/10/13578175804702.html

tutorial - How to recover damaged Superblock

If a filesystem check fails and returns the error message “Damaged Superblock”

Solution:
There are backups of the superblock located on several positions and we can restore them with a simple command. Backup locations are: 8193, 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376 and 294912. ( 8193 in many cases only on older systems, 32768 is the most current position for the first backup )

Now, suppose you get a ¨Damaged Superblock¨ error message at filesystem check ( after a power failure ) and you get a root-prompt in a recovery console, then you give the command:

# e2fsck -b 32768 /dev/hda5

System will then check the filesystem with the information stored in that backup superblock and if the check was successful it will restore the backup to position 0.

If this is not working try using the other copy of Superblock located at the above mention location in your HD.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/10/13578175801555.html

tutorial - How to crash Linux?

As root, you can do whatever you want.

Try this command, as root (reconsider if you really want to crash):

# cp /dev/zero /dev/men

As root, you can even erase all the files on your system with a similarly innocuously looking one-liner (don’t do it):

# rm -rf /

This is not to say that Linux is easy to crash, but that the system administrator (”root”) has the complete power over the system so think before when working on Linux as “root” user.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/10/13578175803052.html

tutorial - How To Make ISO image from CD

Use following command to create ISO image of CD
Note: /dev/hdc is my cdrom device
1. dd if=/dev/hdc of=/home/nikesh/example.iso bs=2048 conv=notrunc
— OR –

2. cat /dev/hdc > /home/nikesh/example.iso
Both commands do exactly the same, but the first one might be easier to remember.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/10/135781758019245.html

tutorial - Quick Apache configuration tips

Enable Directory Browsing

Options +Indexes## block a few types of files from showingIndexIgnore *.wmv *.mp4 *.avi

Disable Directory Browsing

Options All -Indexes

Customize Error Messages

ErrorDocument 403 /forbidden.html
ErrorDocument 404 /notfound.html
ErrorDocument 500 /servererror.html

Get SSI working with HTML/SHTML

AddType text/html .html
AddType text/html .shtml
AddHandler server-parsed .html
AddHandler server-parsed .shtml
# AddHandler server-parsed .htm

Change Default Page (order is followed!)

DirectoryIndex myhome.htm index.htm index.php

Block Users from accessing the site

order deny,allow
deny from 202.54.122.33
deny from 8.70.44.53
deny from .spammers.com
allow from all

Allow only LAN users

order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from 192.168.0.0/24

Redirect Visitors to New Page/Directory

Redirect oldpage.html http://www.domainname.com/newpage.html
Redirect /olddir http://www.domainname.com/newdir/

Block site from specific referrers

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} site-to-block\.com [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} site-to-block-2\.com [NC]
RewriteRule .* - [F]

Block Hot Linking/Bandwidth hogging

RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://(www\.)?mydomain.com/.*$ [NC]
RewriteRule \.(gif|jpg)$ - [F]

Want to show a “Stealing is Bad” message too?

Add this below the Hot Link Blocking code:

RewriteRule \.(gif|jpg)$ http://www.mydomain.com/dontsteal.gif [R,L]

Stop .htaccess (or any other file) from being viewed

order allow,deny
deny from all

Avoid the 500 Error

# Avoid 500 error by passing charset
AddDefaultCharset utf-8

Grant CGI Access in a directory

Options +ExecCGI
AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl# To enable all scripts in a directory use the following#
SetHandler cgi-script

Change Script Extensions

AddType application/x-httpd-php .gne

gne will now be treated as PHP files! Similarly, x-httpd-cgi for CGI files, etc.

Use MD5 Digests

Performance may take a hit but if thats not a problem, this is a nice option to turn on.

ContentDigest On

Save Bandwidth

# Only if you use PHP

php_value zlib.output_compression 16386

Turn off magic_quotes_gpc

# Only if you use PHP

php_flag magic_quotes_gpc off

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175805448.html

tutorial - Sync Samba and Unix password

The pam_smbpass PAM module can be used to sync users’ Samba passwords with their system passwords. If a user invokes the passwd command, the password he uses to log in to the system as well as the password he must provide to connect to a Samba share are changed.

To enable this feature, add the following line to /etc/pam.d/system-auth below the pam_cracklib.so invocation:

password required /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175804608.html

tutorial - How to use rsysnc to keep files in Sync Between Servers

Suppose remote computer is “192.168.1.171″ and has the account “don”. You want
to “keep in sync” the files under “/home/Logs” on the remote computer with files on “/home/nikesh/Server” on the local computer.

$ rsync -Lae ssh don@192.168.1.171:/home/Logs /home/nikesh/Server

“rsync” is a convient command for keeping files in sync, and as shown above, it will work
through ssh. The -L option tells rsync to treat symbolic links like ordinary files.

Also see [http://www.rsnapshot.org/]

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/135781758018003.html

tutorial - Recover MySQL database root password

You can recover MySQL database server password with following five easy steps.

Step # 1: Stop the MySQL server process.

Step # 2: Start the MySQL (mysqld) server/daemon process with the –skip-grant-tables option so that it will not prompt for password

Step # 3: Connect to mysql server as the root user

Step # 4: Setup new root password

Step # 5: Exit and restart MySQL server

Here are commands you need to type for each step (login as the root user):

Step # 1 : Stop mysql service

# /etc/init.d/mysql stop

Stopping MySQL database server: mysqld.

Step # 2: Start to MySQL server w/o password

# mysqld_safe –skip-grant-tables &

[1] 5988

Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql

mysqld_safe[6025]: started

Step # 3: Connect to mysql server using mysql client

# mysql -u root

Output:Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MySQL connection id is 1 to server version: 4.1.15-Debian_1-logType ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the buffer.

mysql>

Step # 4: Setup new MySQL root user password

mysql> use mysql;

mysql> update user set password=PASSWORD(”NEW-ROOT-PASSWORD“) where User=’root’;

mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> quit

Step # 5: Stop MySQL Server:

# /etc/init.d/mysql stop

Stopping MySQL database server: mysqld STOPPING server from pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
mysqld_safe[6186]: ended
.
[1]+ Done mysqld_safe –skip-grant-tables

Step # 6: Start MySQL server and test it

# /etc/init.d/mysql start

# mysql -u root -p

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/135781758017736.html

tutorial - BackUp and Restore MBR after Windows messes it up

Just another note about restoring the boot loader for dual boot systems, after Windows messes it up. In Linux, the “dd” command can read and write to/from raw disks and files. If you have a floppy drive, creating a boot disk is as simple as putting a floppy in the drive and typing this:

[You need to use "root" account to do following]

# dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1

This makes an exact copy of the MBR of the first hard drive (hda - you need to replace this), copying it to a floppy disk. You can boot directly from this floppy, and see your old boot menu. You can restore it by switching the “if=” and “of=” (input file, output file) parameters.

If you don’t have a floppy drive, you can back it up to a file with this:

# dd if=/dev/hda of=/home/nik/boot.mbr bs=512 count=1

Then you can boot into a CD-ROM distribution such as Knoppix, or often use your Linux distribution’s installation CD to boot into rescue mode and restore it with:

# dd if=/mnt/hda5/nik/boot.mbr of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1

(you’ll need to find and mount the partition containing the directory where you backed up the MBR).

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/135781758017343.html

tutorial - Install multimedia Support in Fedora 8

Follow these instructions to get mp3 and other multimedia support on your Fedora Core 8.

Open a terminal and become root, then run this command:

# wget http://livna-dl.reloumirrors.net/fedora/8/i386/livna-release-8-1.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh livna-release-8-1.noarch.rpm

Install all other plug ins..

# yum -y install gstreamer-plugins-bad gstreamer-plugins-ugly xine-lib-extras-nonfree

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175802537.html

tutorial - How to Encrypt - Decrypt your files

To Encrypt a normal file:
$ openssl des3 -salt -in myfile.txt -out outputfile.des3
[This will ask for password, give any pass that you can remember]

To Decrypt:
$ openssl des3 -d -salt -in outputfile.des3 -out myfile.txt -k password

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175807530.html

tutorial - How to do Virtual hosting in Vsftpd

There are two ways of doing this ...

1. If you integrate vsftpd with xinetd, you can use xinetd to bind to several different IP addresses. For each IP address, get xinetd to launch vsftpd with a different config file. This way, you can get different behavior per virtual address.

2. Alternatively, run as many copies as vsftpd as necessary, in standalone
mode. Use “listen_address=x.x.x.x” to set the virtual IP.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/135781758014672.html

tutorial - Prevent the reuse of old passwords

The PAM module pam_unix.so can be configured to maintain a list of old passwords for every user prohibiting the reuse of old passwords.

The list is located in the /etc/security/opasswd file. This is not a plain text file, but it should be protected the same as the /etc/shadow file. This is normally referred to as password history.

To remember the last 5 passwords, add the line below to the /etc/pam.d/system-auth file:

password sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_authtok md5 shadow remember=5

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175802121.html

tutorial - Temporarily suspend a process

At times, you may find it necessary to temporarily suspend a process, and then resume its execution at a later time. The following two commands will suspend a process, and the resume it, respectively:

# kill -STOP 945
# kill -CONT 945

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175805781.html

tutorial - How to add a module to an existing kernel

Sometime you need to add a new driver to a modular kernel, you can just compile the needed module and install it without recompiling the entire kernel. Just follow these steps:

# cd /usr/src/linux (location where linux kernel source is stored)
# make config Or make menuconfig OR make xconfig
(Choose the driver as a module)

# make dep
# make modules
# make modules_install
# depmod -a

You should now be able to use the new module.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175809945.html

tutorial - What are TCP control bits

There are six ‘control bits’ defined in TCP, one or more of which is defined in each packet. The control bits are ‘SYN’, ‘ACK’, ‘PSH’, ‘URG’, ‘RST’, and ‘FIN’. TCP uses these bits to define the purpose and contents of a packet.

SYN bit is used in establishing a TCP connection to synchronize the sequence numbers between both endpoints.

ACK bit is used to acknowledge the remote host’s sequence numbers, declaring that the information in the acknowledgment field is valid.

PSH flag is set on the sending side, and tells the TCP stack to flush all buffers and send any outstanding data up to and including the data that had the PSH flag set. When the receiving TCP sees the PSH flag, it too must flush its buffers and pass the information up to the application.

URG bit indicates that the urgent pointer field has a valid pointer to data that should be treated urgently and be transmitted before non-urgent data.

RST bit tells the receiving TCP stack to immediately abort the connection.

FIN bit is used to indicate that the client will send no more data (but will continue to listen for data).

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175806704.html

tutorial - HowTo chang the file modification time

Use touch to change a file’s timestamp without modifying its contents. Give the name of the file to be changed as an argument. The default action is to change the timestamp to the current time.

* To change the timestamp of file `nikesh’ to the current date and time, type:

$ touch nikesh

To specify a timestamp other than the current system time, use the `-d’ option, followed by the date and time that should be used enclosed in quote characters. You can specify just the date, just the time, or both.

* To change the timestamp of file `nikesh’ to `17 May 2006 14:16′, type:

$ touch -d ‘17 May 2006 14:16′ nikesh

* To change the timestamp of file `nikesh’ to `14 May’, type:

$ touch -d ‘14 May’ nikesh

* To change the timestamp of file `nikesh’ to `14:16′, type:

$ touch -d ‘14:16′ nikesh

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175801881.html

tutorial - Add Microsoft True Type Fonts into Linux

If you are a regular user of windows and have switched to linux recently, then sure you are going to miss some important things from your windows machine. One such things is those beautiful fonts which you have used in windows.

Method 1:
For installing these fonts there various methods available one among them is as below,

* Install a Cab Extract Utility for Linux. Get it from http://www.cabextract.org.uk/
* Download the Latest msttcorefonts spec from http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/
* If you have RPM Build environment in your home directory, then go ahead with the command. rpmbuild -bb msttcorefonts-2.0-1.spec
* Install the newly built rpm using the following command rpm -ivh <>
* Once done, log off & log in or restart the xfs service using the command /sbin/service xfs reload

Method 2:
use RPM method,

* rpm -ivh msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm

You should be logged in as a super user or use sudo

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/13578175808362.html

tutorial - HowTo Add PATH

To add or remove a directory in your path, use a text editor to change the shell variable `PATH’ in the `.bashrc’ file in your home directory

For example, suppose the line that defines the `PATH’ variable in your `.bashrc’ file looks like this:

PATH="/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/games"

You can add the directory `/home/nikesh/bin’ to this path, by editing this line like so:

PATH="/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/games:/home/nikesh/bin"

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/11/135781758019976.html

tutorial - Make fetchmail deliver via procmail

Just add the following line:

mda “/usr/bin/procmail -d %T”

to your “options” in ~/.fetchmailrc For instance .fetchmailrc may look something like:

poll mail.domain.com protocol pop3 username myusername password mysecretpassword options ssl mda “/usr/bin/procmail -d %T”

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/135781758014989.html

tutorial - Filter attachments (.bat, .exe, etc..) in postfix

Simple, In /etc/postfix/main.cf enable the body checks with this line:

body_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/body_checks

Now put something in this file (/etc/postfix/body_checks):

/^(.*)name=\”(.*).(hta|vb[esx]|ws[fh]|js[e]|bat|cmd)\”$/ REJECT

This will filter attachments of various types. Remove from the above line,

whatever you want to allow.Of course you can add some more lines to make postfix a simple spam filter:

/special offer email/ REJECT
/mortgage rates/ REJECT
/other spam mail subjects/ REJECT

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/135781758014216.html

tutorial - HowTo do Transparent proxy with Squid

Modify or add following to squid configuration file (/etc/squid/squid.conf):

httpd_accel_host virtual httpd_accel_port 80 httpd_accel_with_proxy on httpd_accel_uses_host_header onacl lan src 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.0/24 http_access allow localhost http_access allow lan
Added following rules to forward all http requests (coming to port 80) to the Squid server port 3128 :

[eth0 connected to internet and eth1 connected to local lan]

iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -p tcp –-dport 80 -j DNAT –to 192.168.1.1:3128 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp –-dport 80 -j REDIRECT –-to-port 3128

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/1357817580903.html

tutorial - How To Apply Patch to Kernel Source

Go to directory which holds the kernel source code

# cd /usr/src/linux
# bzip2 -dc /usr/src/patch-x.y.z.bz2 patch -p1 –dry-run

–dry-run option to check that the patch applies cleanly. It can be a real pain to pull out a partially-applied patch. The -p1 option strips off part of the diff file’s pathnames for each changed file (see the patch(1) manpage for more details).

Now you’ve checked that it should apply cleanly, run the following to actually apply it. Then you’re done!

# bzip2 -dc /usr/src/patch-x.y.z.bz2 patch -p1

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/135781758015750.html

tutorial - All 235 low-cost webcams supported in Linux thanks to... this man

LONE HOBBYIST programmer sitting at his home in France is responsible for adding 235 USB webcams to the list of those supported by Linux.

His name is Michel Xhaard

Check his site : here
List of supported webcams : here

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/135781758019620.html

tutorial - HowTo Convert CHM files to PDF in Linux

1. Download chm2pdf by clicking [Here].

3. Now extract the downloaded file.

4. Open your Terminal and browse to the folder you extracted and run:

5. sudo python setup.py install

Now to use it is very simple:

In Terminal, type: chm2pdf filename.chm

Dependencies

You need these packages installed and working:

* chmlib
* pychm
* htmldoc

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/135781758017783.html

tutorial - They are Computer GODS

1) Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson - Dennis was the original developer of C and one of the core developers on UNIX while Ken was the man responsible for UNIX

2) Bjarne Stroustrup - This guy brought us C++! I couldn't talk trash about a guy who made C++.

3) Alan Kay - This is one of the fathers of object oriented

programming.

4) John McCarthy - The original designer of the Lisp programming language.

5) Richard Stallman - Like him or hate him, he is a seriously influential person in the computer world, The man is the founder of GNU.

6) Larry Wall - This guy brought us Perl.

7) Alan Cox - Alan Cox and Richard Stallman must have been long lost brothers. This guy was one of the earliest developers on the linux kernel and apparently has not shaved since he started.

8) James Gosling - This guy brought us Java and is wearing a shirt with the java mascot playing an electric guitar.

9) Guido Van Rossum - This guy brought us Python

10) Linus Benedict Torvalds: Best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel.

11) Dr. Andrew Stuart "Andy" Tanenbaum : He is best known as the author of MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system for teaching purposes, and for his computer science textbooks, regarded as standard texts in the field. He regards his teaching job as his most important work.

Am I missing anyone here?

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/13578175805391.html

tutorial - Quick Log server configuration

On remote server: edit /etc/sysconfig/syslog on the server and set

SYSLOGD_PARAMS=”-r”

The -r option allows remote machine to log to syslog.

On the client machine, edit /etc/syslog.conf and add the line(s)

*.*  @server

Don’t forget to restart the syslog on both machines after the above editing.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/13578175804031.html

tutorial - UNIX history in form of picture

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/135781758011400.html

tutorial - HowTo Identify your Modem chipset

# Download http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz

# gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
# chmod +x scanModem
# cp scanModem /usr/bin/To identify Modem chipset
# scanModem# gedit Modem/ModemData.txt

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/1357817580529.html

tutorial - USB Modem Configuration

Follow the steps mentioned below to configure internet connection using USB modem

1) Insert your usb modem and observe your /var/log/messages log file, you should see something like

Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: ohci_hcd 0000:00:13.0: wakeup
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 2
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: new device found, idVendor=1004, idProduct=6000
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: new device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: Product: Qualcomm CDMA Technologies MSM
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: Manufacturer: LG CDMA USB Modem
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: SerialNumber: Serial Number
Dec 11 16:44:56 poison kernel: usb 1-3: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
Dec 11 16:44:57 poison kernel: cdc_acm 1-3:1.0: ttyACM0: USB ACM device
Dec 11 16:44:57 poison kernel: usbcore: registered new driver cdc_acm
Dec 11 16:44:57 poison kernel: drivers/usb/class/cdc-acm.c: v0.25:USB Abstract Control Model driver for USB modems and ISDN adapters

Here we are interested in knowing the port on which modem is connected, which is ttyACM0

2) Copy and past the following lines into your /etc/wvdial.conf

[Dialer Defaults]
Modem = /dev/ttyACM0
Baud = 57600
Init1 = AT+CRM=1
Phone = 777
Username = internet
Password = internet
Stupid Mode = 1
Compuserve = 0
Idle Seconds = 30

3) Run the following command to update any missing parameter in /etc/wvdial.conf file

poison:/etc # wvdialconf update

4) Run the following command to start the internet connection

poison:/etc # wvdial

I have tested this on Ferdora and Suse Linux and I believe that it should also work for you all.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/13578175808369.html

tutorial - HowTO- Round Robin DNS

In this case we will take an example of a webservers

To use round robin, each web server must have its own public IP address. A common scenario is to use network address translation and port forwarding at the firewall to assign each web server a public IP address while internally using a private address.

This example from the DNS zone definition for foo.com assigns the same name to each of the three web servers, but uses different IP addresses for each:

;
; Domain database for foo.com
;
foo.com. IN SOA ns1.foo.com. hostmaster.foo.com. (
2006032801 ; serial
10800 ; refresh
3600 ; retry
86400 ; expire
86400 ; default_ttl
)
;
; Name servers
;
foo.com. IN NS ns1.foo.com.
foo.com. IN NS ns2.foo.com.
;
; Web servers
; (private IPs shown, but public IPs are required)
;
www IN A 10.1.1.11
www IN A 10.1.1.12
www IN A 10.1.1.13

When DNS gets a request to resolve the name www.foo.com, it will return one IP address, then a different address for the next request and so on. Theoretically, each web server will get one third of the web traffic. Due to DNS caching and because some requests may use more resources that others, the load will not be shared equally. However, over time it will come close.

This is a very good example of Load balancing using DNS server (Round Robin)

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2007/12/13578175807025.html